Texas State University
 
Health Professions Building 101
Phone: 512-245-8241
Fax: 512-245-9640

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Bilingual | Multicultural

The Speech-Language-Hearing Clinic is staffed with bilingual (Spanish/English) clinical supervisors.  Bilingual clients or monolingual speakers of languages other than English and are suspected of having a language and or speech disorder will be assessed and treated using evidenced-based bilingual assessment and treatment approaches.  These individuals are assigned to graduate student clinicians enrolled in the bilingual cognate who receive specialized training in bilingual assessment, intervention, and second language acquisition.

To make an appointment, or if you have any questions, please call the clinic at 512-245-8241.

Stages of Second Language Acquisition

 
  • Preproduction Stage
    • Understands simple language
    • Responds using “yes”, “no”, or single words
 
  • Early Speech Production Stage
o       Produces few words and short phrases
o       Recognizes a written version of basic vocabulary
 
  • Speech Emergence Stage
o       Produces longer phrases and complete sentences
o       Can read and write simple text
 
·       Intermediate Fluency Stage
o       Participates in conversation
o       Produces narratives
o       Increases the ability to use higher language levels in a specific academic area
 

(Krashen & Terrell as cited in Damico & Hamayan, 1992)

 

 
 
Tabors and Snow (1994) have also proposed a sequence of second language acquisition followed by preschool children (ages 3-4) as they enter school. These stages are as follows:
 
·        Stage 1: Native Language Use With English Speakers
o       Students may assume that English-speaking individuals will understand or learn their native language.
o       Some students, especially older children, will quickly recognize their inability to be understood by their English-speaking peers.
 
·        Stage 2: Nonverbal Stage of Learning the Second Language
o       After realizing that their native language will not help them communicate, students may choose to communicate without words. As a result, students may be ignored by their peers.
o       It is important to note that in this stage students will continue to communicate nonverbally.
 
·        Stage 3: Formulaic Language
o       Verbal utterances produced by preschool students at this stage may include:
§         Telegraphic speech – content words lacking morphologic markers and accompanying function words
§         Formulaic speech – rote phrases learned in socialization, such as “hello” and “my turn” (Wong Fillmore, 1979)
 
·        Stage 4: Productive Use of the Second Language
o       Students in this stage learn to compare the syntactic rules of both languages to produce the second language more effectively.
o       New rules of the second language are discovered as they adjust to using and practicing the second language.

 

Speech and Language Assessment

Once it has been determined that the speech and/or language difficulties a student is experiencing are possible signs of a disorder and not a difference, speech-language pathologists should conduct a formal assessment. The following factors should be taken into account when assessing a bilingual student:
 
  • Speech-language pathologists should be culturally and linguistically familiar with the student’s native language and recognize that the cultural and linguistic differences may have an impact on the student’s performance (Kayser, 1995).
 
  • The student’s dominant language needs to be determined first. In addition, testing should occur in both the primary and secondary languages to determine if a language disorder is present. For example, the student may be able to provide an answer to a question in one language, but lack the translation equivalent of the word in the second language to provide the answer (Kayser, 1995).
 
  • Both standardized and criterion-referenced measures may be used during the assessment. These include, but are not limited to, appropriate standardized tests, language-sample analyses, narrative analyses, parent/teacher interviews, observations, and a review of past academic performance (Kayser, 1998a). The assessment should include the following: hearing screening, oral-motor examination, language proficiency testing, receptive and expressive language testing, articulation/phonology testing, voice screening, and fluency screening.
 
  • Provide least-biased testing that takes into account the student’s cultural and linguistic differences. Assessment should include both standardized and criterion-referenced measures and may involve modifications of testing procedures (Kayser, 1998a).
 
  • A disorder must be present in both the primary and secondary languages in order for it to be considered a language disorder (Kayser, 1998b).
 
  • Speech-language pathologists may use dynamic assessment to determine the student’s true potential. This form of assessment uses a mediated-learning approach that involves pre-testing, teaching, and re-testing. This approach allows the student to demonstrate the level of performance achieved both independently and with assistance (Gutierrez-Clellen & Peña, 2001).

For additional information, please contact the Speech-Language-Hearing Clinic at 512-245-8241, or e-mail:

az11@txstate.edu

Mailing Address:

Texas State University-San Marcos

The Department of Communication Disorders

Speech-Language-Hearing Clinic, HPB 101

601 University Drive

San Marcos, Texas 78666